Payment Terms All terms and conditions will be reflected in the contract to be signed by UNICEF, and the audit firm. Support MNER and the water supplier to carry out/revise a system-specific assessment and systematic risk analysis for all threats to the water supply system, with a particular focus on current and future risks related to climate variability and impacts and other environmental factors using weather data and existing tools. #The UNICEF General Terms and Conditions of Contract (Services) which are attached as Annex A to this document #[The full Terms of Reference/Statement of Work attached at Annex B] . Risk analysis report: containing water supply system description, climate and environmental risk analysis, GIS map for pipe network, CR-WSP and improvement action plan. Develop and deliver a training for private & public sector companies senior managers, strategic business & planning analysts, comms specialists/employees on changing organizational culture to factor in environmental health in the companys CSR strategy, how it impacts their bottom line, and the children their current and future consumers. Ipb}p4E0he=Bx"+1!BHei?:9>@oo&c*DFG8dNE~G,u.]^YZ;1Z35pM/Gwcq\M? According to those calculations, surface water resources of the country are 30,9 cub.km, and this resource is decreasing up to 22-24 cub.km in dry years. <>>> In addition to project management function the Team Leader will function as the WSP expert. x=ko9?Gi~;b3nYVt-O[UWw"} %Q]EX*4dz2:u|d_oy2zuvY'J%Q^1O*cqFn? Free essays, homework help, flashcards, research papers, book reports, term papers, history, science, politics 1 | P a g e UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia Terms of Reference [Repair and Maintenance Services to UNICEF ROSA Premises] 1. At present not all people have access to a basic water supply service. Submit a detailed work plan per deliverable broken down to task level under each deliverable, along with the methodology and approach to complete consultancy activities. top of page. endobj System. Timeline: May 2016-February 2017. Proficient English, including in report writing and presentation. The price should be broken down for each component of the proposed work. Only those financial proposals for bidders which have been technically accepted according to the above criteria will be opened. Unicef-Bco : Terms of Reference (Tor) UNICEF-BCO : TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) Job Title and Level: - Children Protection Officer -NOB Section: Child Protection Duration: 11 months 6 + 5 upon approval of new country programme) Duty Station: Cox Bazar- Bangladesh 1. are the core UNICEF policy and framework for humanitarian action. t^\wvw~u4dp"G,AH Conduct awareness campaign through active engagement of users especially women, vulnerable and hard-to-reach communities using appropriate communication tools and enhancing adaptive capacity among users; Conduct training courses for MNER, water suppliers, and local authorities staff to increase their knowledge and capacity to manage the climatic and other water safety risks; suggested to include gender and equity topic in all orientation sessions; Support the baseline and end line data collection process for impact assessment against a set of key indicators regarding climate change, institutional, gender/equity, operational and financial outcomes of the task; Capture the success, failure and lessons learned through dedicated end-of-project workshops and, Carryout end-line assessment to determine safe water management practice and adaptation to climate change by MNER and the water suppliers in comparison to baseline and review consumer satisfaction level; with respect to equity and gender, Module 2 Describe the water supply system, Modules 3 Identify the hazards and assess the risks, Module 4 Determine and validate control measures, reassess and prioritize the risks, Module 6 Define monitoring of control measures, Module 7 Verify the effectiveness of the WSP (Does the system meet health-based targets? Candidates are requested to submit their technical, financial proposal and a portfolio with similar documentation, as per the Terms of Reference. October 2022 (Within 2 weeks of signing the contract). TOR - Terms of Reference TPM - Third Party Monitoring ToT - Training of Trainers . %PDF-1.5 % (Civil/Environmental) Engineering: 10 points. The level of remuneration is defined by reference to the highest-paying national civil service, and the whole salary and benefits . The total amount of points allocated for the price component is 300. General knowledge of UN evaluation policy, norms and standards, including a human rights-based approach to programming and results-based management, including gender equality and child. No paper. The Technical Proposal and the Financial Proposal files MUST BE COMPLETELY SEPARATE. Position type: Fixed Term Appointment. 4 0 obj Use of this website, www.unicefusa.org and all pages in this domain (together, the "UNICEF USA website"), constitutes acceptance of the following Terms and Conditions. - CV of the individual applicants Please find the terms of reference for this consultancy in this attachment: TOR_MoSVY-NSAF PIB Formulation and Execution Manual_TMS.pdf. Extenders are tasked to facilitate and support UNICEF programme activities implementation and monitoring tasks that cannot be done by UNICEF staff due to accessibility, security, and scale. To view our competency framework, please visit here. Terms of Reference. % Background checks will include the verification of academic credential(s) and employment history. Thailand has relatively weak systems for detecting and monitoring of child protection issues making it difficult to guide delivery of protection services to those children in need or to identify trends / overall situation and resources needed for child protection. UNICEF and other stakeholders are informed to secure cooperation for the effort. US Central Intelligence Agency lists Azerbaijan as one of the 39 countries suffering from the climate in its climate change report as well. Fees: Consultants must quote an All-Inclusive Fee/rate Background . endobj You may suggest the schedule linked to clearly proposed deliverables. and Response . School/Unit: Barbados (Caribbean Group) Department/Office: Bridgetown, Barbados. All selected candidates will be expected to adhere to these standards and principles and will therefore undergo rigorous reference and background checks. The relevant staff of the. The staff only need to upload the actions done on their mobile device and send it where WiFi is available. The agency is among the most widespread and recognizable social welfare organizations in the world, with a . along with other priorities such as energy, food and transport security. ), Module 10 Plans to carry out periodic review of the WSP, Module 11 Revise the WSP following incident. Support MNER and the water supplier to prepare/update the CR-WSP documents (document the team including external climate-related stakeholder support as needed, system description to include current/ projected climate-related information, hazard matrix and risk assessment including climate-related risks, improvement plan for climate-resilient water supply, operational monitoring, verification schedule etc.} UNICEF is committed to diversity and inclusion within its workforce, and encourages all candidates, irrespective of gender, nationality, religious and ethnic backgrounds, including persons living with disabilities, to apply to become a part of the organization. To establish a comprehensive and integrated Social Protection System, and to improve coordination between . Le TdR Complet est attache ici: Terms of Reference dec 2022_Economiste de l'Education.pdf . For example, the global rise of cancer, diabetes, neurodevelopmental disorders and asthma has accompanied a surge in air pollution, e-waste and the use of harmful chemicals in everyday products. As such, UNICEF will not be directly or indirectly responsible for the Extenders while implementing this Terms of Reference (TOR). THEREFORE, NO SUCH OVERHEAD/ ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE BIDS. Location: Lesotho. Successful bidders will be required to accept UNICEF's General Terms and Conditions for Service Contracts. Background: UNICEF supports the Government of Moldova in promotion and protection of children's rights, under a Try Now! Minimum 5 years of relevant work experience in public health, environmental health and/or environment and climate change related programme management, Track record in working with government officials, NGOs, as well as private sector companies across industry sectors on environmental and/or health and safety issues, and ability to manage multiple partners, Professional record of conducting needs assessments and studies, Strong analytical skills, ability to think strategically, analyse and synthesize diverse environment-related data and information, Ability to manage multiple projects simultaneously, Strong analytical skills, excellent drafting of professional and standard reports and communication skills; excellent facilitation capacity, Ability to communicate ideas clearly and confidently, articulate issues and recommend solutions. ?tt*Nx|{ Nxw{C"qQRg@t~1.ODqE/?xgF'"!Y\5j9+cV22A_MZf#KatdqZX8oGEVdMn5`Onhv{$ ;=KmaqUq_BPz9a@. These Terms of Reference (ToR) set out the purpose, objectives, methodology and operational modalities for the evaluation team to assess UNICEF's contribution to migrant and refugee response in Greece from January 2016 till June 2019 and inform its strategic direction. 2 0 obj TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANCY . For example, the prevalence of malaria in Azerbaijan has been successfully reduced to a very low level through public health interventions, progressing from over 13,000 cases of malaria in 1996 to zero locally acquired cases in 2013. Details of the location and system targeted will be available to the awarded bidder of the RFP. Terms of Reference - Evaluation of the Peace Education Project in Aceh. The consumer awareness and practice are an integral part of WSP that need innovative campaigns. No software installation. All selected candidates will, therefore, undergo rigorous reference and background checks, and will be expected to adhere to these standards and principles. Long-term planning for an adequate and safe supply of drinking water should be set in the context of growing external uncertainties arising from changes in the climate and environment. therefore, undergo rigorous reference and background checks, and will be expected to adhere to these standards and principles. Strength of the Firm/Organization: 140 points, General Organizational Capability/strength: 40 points, Quality assurance procedure including project monitoring and evaluation and internal oversight teams: 40 points, 1. - CV of the individual applicants. Capacity-building activities of targeted staff initiated. Background and Purpose According to the latest census data, of a total population of 10.5 million Rwandans, 52 percent are under 19 years old. Across 190 countries and territories, we work for every child, everywhere, every day, to build a better world for everyone. Draft of climate resilient WSP report and supporting documents. <> Finalized TOR of WSP section within relevant stakeholders. Each team will consist of 6 people working as a team: four people will primarily work as the Interviewer, one person will be the Measurer and one person Supervisor. TOOLKIT & DOWNLOADS. Scope of Work. Core Commitments . Please indicate your ability, availability and daily/monthly rate to undertake the terms of reference above. UNICEF is committed to promote the protection and safeguarding of all children. An accreditation (in climate change, water supply, environmental sanitation and hygiene,) or an on-going accreditation process by a certified accreditation body will be an asset. Interested candidates should submit the following documents through the link: https://jobs.unicef.org/en-us/job/553043/national-individual-consultancy-on-child-environmental-health. Page 1 of 5 TERMS OF REFERENCE MONITORING AND EVALUATION SPECIALIST Project: Funding Facility for Economic Reform - Regional (FFERREG) Title: Monitoring and Evaluation Contract Type: Individual Contract (IC) Duty Station: Erbil, Iraq and Home-based Duration of Assignment: 45 working days over a duration of 3 months Background In response to an official request from the Kurdistan Regional . endstream endobj startxref endobj The water safety plan (WSP) process offers a systematic framework to manage these risks by considering the implications of climate variability and change. The country is one of the lands with scarce water resources, drinkable waters are distributed unevenly within the country while having limited resources. UNICEF ECARO. hbbd```b`` D.A$ HHT9WopiH h8#E_ v0 In 2001 a peace education project was implemented in Aceh, designed to encourage non-violence and peaceful conflict resolution among youths. UNICEF reserves the right to withhold payment or terminate the contract in case the deliverables submitted are not up to the required standard or in case of delays in submitting the deliverables on the part of the consultant. Surface waters and partially ground waters are formulated from atmosphere precipitations. Free essays, homework help, flashcards, research papers, book reports, term papers, history, science, politics <> Only shortlisted consultants . The detailed roles and responsibilities of each role will be provided to the selected company. The UNICEF Strategic Plan 2022 - 2025 identifies MHPSS as a priority area for children, caregivers, parents and young people, with newly defined indicators and priorities within Goal Areas 1 (Survive and Thrive), 2 (Every Child Learns) and 3 (Every Child is protected from . Background: Complete a blank sample electronically to save yourself time and money. Research on the period from April to September 20032006 indicates that a temperature increase of 1.5CC in Baku was correlated with an increase in first-aid calls and led to 20%34% increases in the number of complaints of blood, respiratory and neural diseases. Service commitment to customers and measurements used. Capable to implement the desired work/projects in the specified location (project sites) utilizing own existing administrative, operational and logistical resources to implement the projects without adding up Overhead Costs to the Purchaser (UNICEF). Background/Justification: The UNICEF Regional Office for South Asia (ROSA) is located in Lainchour, Kathmandu in a complex consisting of total 9 buildings - one main building and eight side buildings stream And we never give up. Prepare detailed implementation plans in partnership with CR-WSP Team and support the target location to implement the improvement plans; Develop a mobile app (simple and user-friendly) for recording operational log-sheet to help staff to monitor, record and action operational data and assist the project manager to ensure that operational monitoring is being conducted and actioned as required. The bidders shall note that all modules of the CR-WSP guidelines will be implemented throughout the implementation of this project, namely: The below graph visualises the modules and their interactions. Candidates will be subject to reference checks during the selection process. Successfully completed/delivered at least 1 similar project on climate change water safety plan or any other water safety program for government or development partners in the last 10 years. UNICEF has over 12,000 staff in more than 145 countries. Free essays, homework help, flashcards, research papers, book reports, term papers, history, science, politics UNICEF LESOTHO. The average annual amount of rainfall within the country is 427 mm (or 36,96 km3), out of this 119 mm (or 10.3 km3) is expended for water formulation (69 mm for surface and 50 mm for ground waters), remaining 308 mm is evaporated. The candidate selected will be governed by and subject to UNICEF's General Terms and Conditions for individual contracts. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Complete climate resilient WSP (report and annexes) and supporting documents. Implementation of National Water And Sanitation programs of Government by the support of international donor communities in coming years will allow providing the population with drinking water of good quality and needed quantity by improvement of these systems in urban and rural areas, which in turn will also serve a role of ecosystem services in relevant areas by reducing environmental pollution by untreated wastewaters. UNICEF is committed to promote the protection and safeguarding of all children. Thus, Report Card 13 will be based on several related research projects analyzing inequality among children in the domains of income, educational attainment, health . UNICEF will request password only from applicants whose Technical Proposal has been found to be technically responsive. Water resources are exposed to severe pressures as a result of climate changes and anthropogenic impacts. The widening of geographic spread and lengthening of the epidemic period of malaria in Azerbaijan are expected to occur as soon as temperature rises exceed 1.5CC1.6CC. Rising average temperatures and potential reduction in water supply may exacerbate the issues that lead to gastrointestinal infection, such as improper food storage and poor-quality water supply. Higher air temperatures will allow malaria to affect areas of higher altitude that were previously free from the disease. The city is home to approximately one quarter of Azerbaijans population and is subject to an urban heat island effect and has already seen a rise in the number of summer days with maxima exceeding 35C, with the population struggling to adapt. Background checks will include the verification of academic credential(s) and employment history. Each proposal will be assessed first on its technical merits (including by reference to legal requirements) and subsequently on its price. This should be user-friendly and simple. In an effort to reach 80% coverage of antignes at district level, UNICEF through the GAVI alliance is supporting the Ministry of Health increase and sustain coverage of vaccinnations in 5 distrcits with highest numbers of unimmunized children and low performance in DPT3, MCV1 and MCV 2 (Leribe, Berea, Botha-Bothe, Quthing and Maseru). Their conditions of service will be governed by their contract and the General Conditions of Contracts for the Services of Consultants and Individual Contractors. UNICEF: The programme is a catalytic programme linked to UNICEF's Country Programme Outcome 2; By 2026, adolescents and young people (10-24 years), particularly the most . A formative evaluation was to be undertaken to show that this project was implemented well and the objectives were being achieved . Support MENR and AzerSu to develop and implement the Climate Resilient Water Safety Plan (CR-WSP) in one urban/peri-urban water supply system and to integrate it into their regular operation of the water supply system; Support MNER and AzerSus capacity to institutionalise CR-WSP as an integrated part of the water resources and supply management of the target community to manage safe and continued supply of water in the face of climate variability/change; Raise awareness of adverse impact of climate variability/change, adaptation and safe water handling practices at the household level; Develop a bankable risk-based improvement plan of activities to enhance the target systems resilience and water safety. endobj Identification/Mapping of all existing government policies that can be potentially updated/adjusted to address environmental health concerns. To defend their rights. %PDF-1.5 Payment of professional fees will be based on submission of agreed deliverables. To help them fulfill their potential. Prepare/update emergency response plans including those related to climate emergency situations. Pending major lawsuits and litigations in excess of USD 100,000 at risk, Relevant Previous Projects Implemented by the Bidder, (list and provide detailed examples of relevant experience gained within the past 10 years of the issuance of this RFP that demonstrate the Contractor's ability to satisfactorily perform the work in accordance with the requirements of this RFP), Number and Geographical distribution of staff, Size of the firm {total employment, geographical distribution of the headquarters, field offices) in respect of activities/operations in the country, Established policy, manual and financial/administrative rules in place, Total experience (number of years in the service), Management structure of the firm, (Organogram), Proposed organogram of the assessment:10 points, Monitoring plan of the assessment activities:15 points, Quality assurance/Quality control plan: 15 points, M.Sc. Previous work with UNICEF or other international organizations and/or major institutions in the field of: Water supply, sanitation and climate change is desirable. Additional information on the organization of the MICS main fieldwork can be found in the MICS website. General acute gastrointestinal infection, which has affected thousands of people in Azerbaijan in recent years, may pose an increasing threat. schedules/Terms of Reference/Statement of Work for this RFP(S). To save their lives. Capable to operate with all applicable local rates and costs for the expert (technical) and field services. UNICEF reserves the right not to honor payment deadlines for any product that does not comply with its quality standards. in climatology/meteorology: 25 points, Number of years of experience in climate and weather analysis: 25 points, WSP Trainer and Community Promoter: 50 points, Educational Background (post-graduation degree in social science): 15 points (Scan Copy of the Certificate need to be attached), MSS. The proposed methodology must demonstrate: How the climatic and environmental hazards will be identified; How the climatic and environmental hazard matrix will be developed; How the climate resilient technology specific water safety plan will be developed; How well the WSP will be integrated with existing O&M; How the point water sources will be monitored by the caretaker or by the users; How the water quality and availability data will be stored; How local and external challenges will be dealt with; How the project will sustain after completing its activities. Free essays, homework help, flashcards, research papers, book reports, term papers, history, science, politics Azerbaijan is forecasted to be one of the 13 countries in 2025 with the least water resources per person (~972 cubic meters/year) according to estimations of World Water Resources Institute. Legally registered international and local companies (institutions) can apply for this assignment. The link to these courses will be provided during the selection process for the successful candidates. On any device & OS. With lead guidance from MNER and the water supplier, prepare maps for each system (one showing an overview of the system from catchment to consumers and the other for showing a detailed GIS-based map with major features of the system, such as the Location of water sources, Treatment plant(if any), Water reservoirs, Transmission/reticulation lines, Areas covered by piped supply, Location of a potential threat (if any}, Climate hotspot areas under different climatic threats. Terms Of Reference / Deliverables The consultant will perform the following functions: Reference Checking - This assignment is virtually carried out through Microsoft Teams, Zoom or phone. Background checks will include the verification of academic credential(s) and employment history. Fees for providing the services laid out in this TOR. As there are many types of job opportunities within UNICEF, they differ in terms of education, language and work experience required. UNICEF is committed to diversity and inclusion within its workforce, and encourages all candidates . The consultancy is open to national individual applicants. <> Location and duration. Location: Barbados Division/Equivalent: Latin America and Caribbean Regional Off. Failure to provide correct password may result in the proposal being rejected. Monthly payments will be made based on the deliverables as per monthly reports. UKbEg)TV?Lq.\&Tb?||nh(;.U3ya;#IjDUe j*URDSmb iMje@rTY'[`m vN5q3Y&J)"WBQYU&slQyq.L\E6BnqH:Z/@qy^7R ]4vQc>jn! All other price proposals will receive points in inverse proportion to the lowest price. All selected candidates will, therefore, undergo rigorous reference and background checks, and will be expected to adhere to these standards and principles. Approach and Implementation Plan: 280 points, Understanding of the Proposal that is level of understanding on project requirements outlined under the RFP: 100 points, The work methodology including detailed activities and approach to complete the activities are rational and practical in time: 100 points, The work plan laid out by the firm towards implementation of the project is clear, practical, systematic; monitoring requirements are clearly identified with suitable indicators and assigned personnel for monitoring: 80 points, Educational Background: 25 points (Scan Copy of the Certificate need to be attached), Number of years of experience in WASH sector: 25 points, Number of successful WSP formulation: 25 points, Educational Background (post-graduation degree in science) : 25 points (Scan Copy of the Certificate need to be attached), M.Sc. Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) is an institutional priority for the United Nations, including for UNICEF. Le TdR Complet est attache ici: Terms of Reference Dec 2022_Expert prescolaire 2.pdf. Terms of Reference / Deliverables. The Climate Resilient WSP document will be prepared based on the above-mentioned findings with the control measures for each type of technology in each. endobj More specifically to: The main survey will be carried out in selected clusters with the selected households. Job no: 558028. "UNICEF has a zero-tolerance policy on conduct that is incompatible with the aims and objectives of the United Nations, including sexual exploitation and abuse, sexual harassment, abuse of authority and discrimination. <>/Metadata 382 0 R/ViewerPreferences 383 0 R>> Evidence-based position paper (business case) highlighting the positive institutional and regulatory context of CR-WSP, and the financial and managerial anticipated benefits of institutionalization of CR-WSP. UNICEF is committed to promote the protection and safeguarding of all children. Furthermore, the geographical location of the country is very sensitive to impacts of climate changes. Consultants and individual contractors are responsible for determining their tax liabilities and for the payment of any taxes and/or duties, in accordance with local or other applicable laws. The Evaluation Team first reviews the technical aspect of in Thailand. UNICEF works in some of the world's toughest places, to reach the world's most disadvantaged children. 3. Below is the difference in these criteria for each job opportunity type. These terms and conditions are non-negotiable. The applicant shall submit a duly signed and complete Proposal comprising the documents and forms in accordance with the requirements in the TOR. Applicants interested in this short-term consultancy should review the terms and conditions relevant to them and confirm their acceptance without reservations to be considered for selection. For every Child, you demonstrate UNICEF's values of Care, Respect, Integrity, Trust, Accountability, and Sustainability (CRITAS). The financial proposal shall be encrypted with password. The contents of the bidder's proposal should be concisely presented and structured in the following order to include, but not necessarily be limited to, the information listed below: The bidder's proposal must be accompanied by an Executive Summary introducing the proposed solution and approach/ methodology, 5. - Financial proposal The impact of extremely high temperatures on human health has been increasingly evident in Baku, Azerbaijans capital in recent years. Price Schedule Mandatory. UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund vacancy: Child Protection Officer, (NOB), Dori, Burkina Faso, #90407 in Dori . Interested applicants are required to provide the following documents through the link: - A short cover letter, highlighting relevant experience with similar type of assignments (max 300 words). . Environmental hazards have been linked to a range of significant health risks for children. Inception report with work plan and methodology. Review the relevant documents, strategies and guidelines on climate change impacts and disasters, water supply system, design, maps, WSP etc. %%EOF The project management structure is capable to ensure quality assurance procedures including project monitoring and evaluation and internal oversight. The shortlisted applicants will be contacted by UNICEF with a technical discussion and interview. All consultants & individual contractors regardless of contract duration must complete the applicable mandatory online courses prior to signature of contract. If applicable/offered discount payment terms. He will develop a mobile-based operational monitoring log sheet for entering and checking operational activities. All prices/rates quoted must be exclusive of all taxes as UNICEF is a tax-exempt organization. National coverage with respect to sanitation is also very low. The Team Leader need to work closely with the MENR, Government Counter Parts, UNICEF team and Project Steering Committee. UNICEF is committed to promote the protection and safeguarding of all children. Technical Proposals receiving at least (500 points) out of obtainable (700 points) or higher, will be considered technically responsive and the Price Proposal will be opened. Terms of reference may be shared upon request. Do whatever you want with a Terms of Reference - Unicef: fill, sign, print and send online instantly. hV[O9+~lXoRIQHvdaHLL;p_JCc|)L L'UNICEF applique une politique de tolrance zro l'gard des comportements incompatibles avec les buts et objectifs des Nations Unies et de l'UNICEF, notamment l'exploitation et les abus sexuels, le harclement sexuel, l'abus d'autorit et la . Assessments of surface water resources were conducted in the end of 80s of last century using results of stationary observations made until 1975 and their results were published in 1989 (S.Rustamov and R.Qashgai). The Terms of Reference (ToR) or Request for Proposal (RFP) are an explicit statement of the resources, roles and responsibilities of the evaluators and the evaluation commissioner or manager including: when milestones need to be reached including when the evaluation needs to be completed. The objective of this assignment is to support Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resource (MENR) and the water service provide by Azersu OJSC (AzerSu) on building resilience to climate variabilities through the implementation of a risk-based water safety plan approach. - A technical proposal with tentative workplan and timeframe. Water safety is considered a strategically important issue in the world to be addressed in XXI century. In this case water resources in rivers with less or completely no observation data have been identified based on diverse regularity. Realistic 5-year and 10-year plans for the WSP departments, addressing needs and corrective measures of existing systems but also providing a roadmap for full coverage. BACKGROUND INFORMATION .